The Leo Baeck Institute Yearbook Advance Access originally published online on July 6, 2009
The Leo Baeck Institute Yearbook 2009 54(1):151-170; doi:10.1093/lbyb/ybp001
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© The Author (2009). Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Leo Baeck Institute. All rights reserved. For permissions please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org
The Social Democratic response to antisemitism in Imperial Germany: The case of the Handlungsgehilfen
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We can perhaps best think of (non-Jewish) Imperial German society as being divided roughly into three groups. While the majority presumably thought of itself as not being antisemitic, there was a significant and vocal minority that publicly identified itself as antisemitic, and another rather less significant and less vocal minority that thought of itself as being opposed to antisemitism. Yet all three groups subscribed, not always in equal measure but certainly to a startling degree, to the same anti-Jewish stereotypes. Few (non-Jewish) opponents of antisemitism would have denied that the antisemites had a point. The problem with the antisemites, as they saw it, was not that their assumptions were flawed from the outset but that they took matters too far. Consequently, it is perfectly possible for somebody who was an outspoken opponent of antisemitism in Imperial Germany to be, by our standards, an antisemite.
In Imperial Germany most of the
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